What type of projectiles were used by early muzzleloaders?

Early muzzleloaders primarily used round lead balls as their projectiles. This design was simple and effective for the technology of the time. The round shape of the lead ball allowed for easier loading down the barrel of a muzzleloader, which required a direct insertion of the projectile along with gunpowder.

The use of lead was significant because it is a dense material that delivers substantial kinetic energy on impact, making it effective for hunting and warfare. The round lead ball was a standard for many early firearms before more advanced projectile designs, such as conical bullets, became popular later on. Compared to other options like metal pellets, which are often used in shotguns, or plastic projectiles that are contemporary innovations, the lead ball was the predominant choice due to its balance of availability, lethality, and compatibility with the rudimentary rifling techniques of early firearms.